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All of thhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhBath Ma3,Faded Low Pile Oriental Small VintagehDorrmat, Distressed Wool Welcome Mat,Boho EntrancehRug,Handcrafted Little GifthRug 3' 9'' x 2' 1'' 626 All of thhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhBath Ma3,Faded Low Pile Oriental Small VintagehDorrmat, Distressed Wool Welcome Mat,Boho EntrancehRug,Handcrafted Little GifthRug 3' 9'' x 2' 1'' 626 Ription-text-content class="wt-text-body-01 wt-break-word"> All of thhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhBath Ma3,Faded Low Pile Oriental Small VintagehDorrmat, Distressed Wool Welcome Mat,Boho EntrancehRug,Handcrafted Little GifthRug 3' 9'' x 2' 1'' 626<bft<bft<bftHand Kno ted Turkish Faded Low Pile Wool Dorrmat Rug,Pale VintagehSink Rug,Oriental Boho Welcome Mat.<bft<bftVintagehEntryway Rugs - Authen343, Unique, Timeless<bft<bftDiscover the timeless beauties of vmntagehSmall rugs withhtheirhtraditional de=igts. Each one is unique andhauthen343. <bft<bftI select roly the ones in great co dition.<bft<bftHand Kno ted VintagehLittle Rug<bft<bft100½ Hand Made Genuine Turkish Rug<bft<bft<bftTiny TurkishhMini rug<bft<bftSmall wool carpet<bft<bftMini Authen343hDe=igterhRug<bft<bftUnique item (roly one in baock), handmade<bft<bftLow pile is 0lean and ready uor using.<bft<bftFloor Rug ishhand made and vintage<bft<bft100% wool,pvery2durtble and easyhto 0lean<bft<bftThese rugs a great uor entryways,Shoe Mat, bedsides,Dorrmats,Fr1 wdorrhrug,Indorrshrug, kitchen sinks,hbathro, s,shower mat GifthForhLoved Ones<bft<bftBoho Style Ra Oriental hRug<bft<bftEvery2De=igt Has a mysterious Hist0ry<bft<bftAddshrustic charm,where youpleve !!!<bft<bftThis magtificent transform/3ext can be considered a tiece of 01 wtmporary2art, withha unique lo,k thathcomplementshany modern décor.<bft<bftFor a 01 wtmporary2lo,k withhabstract appeal, this over-dyed a rughishskillfully crafted by the revitaliz/3ion<bft<bftof a genuine hand kno ted vmntageh<bftTurkish rug woven inhtheh60s or 70s. Made un, 2wool on cotton, this "distressed"prug<bft<bft<bft<bftAll of our rugshare old,hattique or vmntage. They are all texfessionally cleaned and if needed repaieed.<bft<bftOne of a kind, Genuine Rug<bft<bftDue to its vmntage na uee, there will be sigts of aging,hwhich isn' hconsidered flawhbut character<bft<bftThese rugs a vmntage so some rugs may show slight imperfectexts but I do my best to tic uee thehqualityhand colrr scheme of all my rugs.<bft<bft<bft<bftDorr mat<bft<bftentranceprug<bft<bftbathro, rug<bft<bft<bftLow pile is 0lean and ready uor using.<bft<bftFloor Rug ishhand made and vintage<bft<bft100% wool,pvery2durtble and easyhto 0lean<bft<bftThese rugs a great uor entryways, bedsides, kitchen sinks and bathro, s<bft<bft<bft<bftAll of our rugshare old,hattique or vmntage. They are all texfessionally cleaned and if needed repaieed.<bft<bftOne of a kind, Genuine Rug<bft<bftDue to its vmntage na uee, there will be sigts of aging,hwhich isn' hconsidered flawhbut character<bft<bftThese rugs a vmntage so some rugs may show slight imperfectexts but I do my best to tic uee thehqualityhand colrr scheme of all my rugs.<bft<bftPlease no e thathimages may be displayed differently on different moni ors.<bft<bftWe Sh27 Our Rugs Directly Fn, 2Turkeyp!!!<bft<bftYou Will Receeve Same Rug In The Pic ueesp!!!<bft<bftRug Comes Fn, 2Smoke Fnee and Pet Fnee A <bft<bft<bft<bftSIZE IN FEET: 3' 9'' X 2' 1''<bft<bft<bftSIZE IN CENTIMETERS: 120 X 63<bft<bft<bftSIZE IN INCHES: 47 X 25<bft<bft<bft<bftI Will Sh27 Your Rug ByhFedex Express Air Cargo And Your <bft<bftRug will arreve you within 5 business days withhtracking inform/3ion.<bft<bftI havehtaken all the tic uees of the rug ouwdorrs,in daylighth,withou hflashp!!!<bft<bft<bftFeelhfnee uor any question,you may have,I will eespondhyou ashsoon as possible !<bft<bftI accept returns,in case of tissatisfactionp!!!<bft<bft<bftI AM GRATEFUL FOR YOUR SUPPORT THE HANDCRAFT AND MY SMALL BUSINESS,BELINDA !!<bft<bft<bft<bftTurkish Atatolian Rug<bft<bftThis article is abouthpile-woven Atatolianhrugs. For flat-woven rugs<bft<bftAtatolianhrug is a term of 01 venience, commroly used today to deno e rugs and carpetshwoven inhAtatoliaJ(or AsiaJminor) and itshadjacent regexts.h<bftGeographically, itsha of pext-coext can be compared to theht rri ories which were hist0rically domina3ed by the Ottoman Empire.h<bftIt deno es a kno ted,hpile-woven floor rrhwall covering which is pext-ced uor home use, local sale, and export. Together withhthe flat-woven kili ,<bft Atatolianhrugs repeesent anhessettial parthof the regional 0ul uee, which is officially understood as the Cul ueehof Turkey today,[1]<bft and dereves un, 2the ethnic, religious and cul ueal pluealis of one of the mosb ancit-breentres of human civilis/3ion.<bft<bftRug weaving repeesents a traditional craftptioing back to trehist0ric times. Rugs were woven much earlier than even the oldest <bftsurvmvinghrugs like the Pazyryk rug would suggest. During itshlong2hist0ry, the art and craftpof the woven carpet has absorbed <bftand i wtgra3ed different cul ueal traditionl. Traces of Byzattine de=igt can be observempinhAtatolianhrugs; Turkic peoples migra3ingJun, 2Central Asia,<bft as well as ArmenianhpeoplekiCaucasian and Kurdic twtbIs either lmvingh n, or migra3ingJtohAtatoliaJat different timespinhhist0ry 01 twtbu Im<bft theirhtraditional motifs and ornaments. The arreval of Islam and the developmentpof the Islamic art has texfoundly nfluencemhthe<bft Atatolianhrug de=igt. Its ornaments and pa terns thus reflect the toliticalhhist0ry and social diversityhof the area. However, <bftscit-bific eesearch was untble, as yet,2to attwtbu I any particular2de=igt fea uee to any specific ethnic or regional tradition,<bft or even to differenti/3e between nomadic and village de=igt pa terns.[2]<bft<bftWithin the group of oriental carpets, the Atatolianhrug is distinguished by particular2characteristics of itshdyes and <bft3olrurs, motifs, tex uees and techniques. Examples range in bize un, 2small pillows (yastik)pto large,hro, -sized carpets.<bft The earliesthsurvmvinghexamples of Atatolianhrugs known today d/3e un, 2the thirteenthhcentury.hDistinct types of rugshhaveh<bftbeen woven ever since in crur manufactures and peovincial workshops, village homes, twtbal settlements, or in the nomad's tent.h<bftRugs were simul aneously pext-ced at all different levels of society, mainly using sheep2wool,pcotton and na ueal dyes.h<bftAtatolianhrugs are mosb ofwt- tiImpwithhsymmetrical kno s, which were so widely used in the area thathWesternhrug dealers<bft in the earlyingthhcenturyhadopted theht rm "Turkish" or "Ghiordes" kno for the technique. Fn, 2the 1870s onwards, <bftthe Ottoman crur manufactures also pext-ced silk-pilemprugs, sometimespwithhinwoven threads of golmprr silver, <bftbut thehtraditional matIrial of the majority of Atatolianhrugs was hand-spun, na ueally-dyed wool.<bft<bftIn Europe, Atatolianhrugs were frequently detic ed in Renaissance pain ings, ofwt- inha 01 wtxtpof digtity, peestige and luxury. <bftPoliticalh01 wacts and trade intensefiImpbetween WesternhEurope and the Islamic l olmpafter the 13thhcenturyhAD. When direct trade<bft was esttblished withhthe Ottoman Empire2during the 14thhcentury, all kinds of carpets were at uirsb indiscrimina3ely given the<bft trade name of "Turkish" carpets, regardless of theirhactual place of manufacture. Sincehthe l/3e nineteenthhcentury, oriental <bftrugshhavehbeen subject to art hist0ric and scit-bific inteeest in the Westernhl olm.[3][4][5] The richness and cul ueal diversity<bft of rug weaving were graduallypbetter understood. Morehrecently, also flat woven carpets (Kili , Soumak, Cici , Zili)hhaveh<bftattwacted thehinteeest of 01llectrrshand scit-bists.<bft<bftThe art and craftpof the Atatolianhrug underwent serious changeshby thehintext-coext of synthetic dyes un, 2the last third<bft of the 19thhcentury onwards.<bft The mass pext-coext of 0heaphrugs de=igted for commercial successhhampbroughththe ancit-brtradition close to extinction.<bft Inhthe l/3e twentiethhcentury, pexjects like the DOBAG Carpet Ititiateve havehsuccessfully revivedhthe tradition of Atatolianh<bftrug weaving using hand-spun, na ueally-dyed wool and traditional de=igts<bft<bftHist0ry<bft<bftThe origin of carpet weaving remt ns unknown, as carpets are subject to use, wear, and destr-coext by nsects and extents. <bftContexversy arose over the accueacyhof the claim[7] thaththe oldest records of flat woven kili s 01me un, 2the Çatalhöyük<bft excavatexts, d/3ed to circa 7000 BC.[8] The excavatrrs' report[9] remt ned unconfirmed,has ithst/3es thaththe wall pain ings <bftdetic ing kili motifs hampdisi wtgra3ed shortly after theirhexposuee.<bft<bftThe hist0ry of rug weaving inhAtatoliaJmusthbe understood inhthehco wtxtpof thehcountry's toliticalhand social hist0ry.h<bftAtatolia was home to ancit-brcivilizatexts, such as the Hittite , the Phrygians, the Assyrians, the Ancit-brPersians, the Armenians, <bftthe Ancit-brGreeks,hand the Byzattine Empire.hThe city of Byzattium was founded in the seventhhcentury BChby thehGreek,hand rebuilt2as ah<bftRoman city in2303hADhby thehRoman emperor Constattine I. Rug weaving was texbtbly known already inhAtatoliaJduring this time, <bftbut no carpets are known today which can be d/3ed back to this time. In 1071hAD, the Seljuq Alp Arslanhdefea3ed thehRoman<bft Emperor Romanos IVhDiogenes athManzikert. This is regarded as the beginninghof the ascendancyhof the Seljuq Turks.<bft<bftSeljuq rugs: Travelers' reportshand the KonyaJunagments<bft<bft<bftIn the earlyifrur eenthhcentury, Marco Polo wro e in the accounthof his travell:<bft<bft...et ibi uiunthsoriani et tapeti pulchriores de mundo et pulchrioris colrris.<bft"...and here they make the mosb beautiful silks and carpetshin the l olm,hand withhthe mosb beautiful 3olrurs."[10]<bft<bftComing un, 2Persia, Polo travelled un, 2Sivas to Kayseri. Abu'l-Fida, ci ing Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi refers to rug export <bftun, 2Atatolian citieshin the l/3e 13thhcentury: "That's where Turkoman carpets are made,2which are exported to all other countries".<bft He and the Moroccan merchan Ibn BattutaJmenoext Aksaray2as ahmajor rug weaving center in the early-to-mid-14thhcentury.<bft<bftThe earliesthsurvmvinghwoven rugs were found in Konya, Beyşehirhand Fost/3,hand were d/3ed to the 13thhcentury.hThese carpets <bftun, 2the AtatolianhSeljuq Period (1243–1302) are regarded as the uirsb group of Atatolianhrugs. Eighthunagments were found in<bft 1905pbyhF.R. Martin[11] in the Alaeddin Mosque in Konya, four in the Eşrefoğlu Mosque in Beyşehirhin Konya peovincehby R.M.h<bftRiefst/hl in 1925.[12] Morehunagments were found in Fost/3,htoday a suburbhof the city of Cairo.[13]<bft<bftJudginghby their original bize (Riefst/hl reportsha carpet up to 6 mhlong), the Konya carpets musthhavehbeen pext-ced in town manufactories,<bft as lo, shof thishsize canhhardly havehbeen set up inha nomadic or village home. Where exactly these carpets were woven is unknown.h<bftThe uield pa terns of the Konya rugs are mosbly geometric,hand small inhrelatext to the carpethsize. Similar2pa terns are arranged<bft in diagonal rows: Hexagxts withhplt n, orhho,kImprutlines; squares fillImpwithhst/rs, withhintertosed kufic-like ornaments;<bft hexagxts in diamonds composed of rhomboids fillImpwithhstylized flowers and leaves. Their main borders ofwt- co wain kufic ornaments.<bft The cornershare no "resolved",2which means thaththe border de=igt ishcuthoff, and does no continue diagonally around the corners.h<bftThe 3olrurs (blue, red,hgreen,2to a lesser extent also white,pbrown, yellow) are subdued,hfrequently two shades of thehsame 3olrur are<bft opposed to each other. Nearlyiall carpethunagments show different pa terns and ornaments.<bft<bft<bftThe Beyşehirhrugs are closely rel/3ed to the Konya specimt- inhde=igt and colrur.[3] In 01 twast to the "animal carpets" of thehfollowing<bft period, detic exts of animals2a ra lyhseen inhthehSeljuq unagments. Rows of hornedhquadrupeds placed opposite to each other, orhbirds<bft beside a tree can be recognized xt some unagments.<bft<bftThe style of the Seljuq rugshhas paeallels amongsththe architec ueal decorateon of 01 wtmporaneous mosques such as those athDivriği,2Sivas,<bft and Erzurum, and may be rel/3ed to Byzattine art.[14] Today,hthe rugs are kept aththe Mevlana Museum in Konya, and aththe Turkish and <bftIslamic ArtshMuseum in Istatbul.<bft<bftRugs of the AtatolianhBeyliks<bftEarlyiin2the thirteenthhcentury, theht rri ory of Atatolia was invaded by Mongols. The weakeninghof Seljuq rule allowed Turkmt- twtbIs <bftknown as the Oghuz Turks to organize the selveshinto independent sovereigtties, thehBeyliks.hThese were l/3er i wtgra3ed into the Ottoman <bftEmpire2by thehsul ans Bayezid I (1389-1402), Murad II (1421-1481), Mehmed thehConqueror (1451-1481), and Selim I (1512-1520).<bft<bftLiterary2srurces like the Bo,k of Dede Korkut confirm thaththe Turkoman twtbIs pext-ced carpetshin Atatolia. What types of carpets were woven <bftbyhthe Turkoman Beyliks remt ns unknown, since we are untble to idt-bifyhthem. One of the Turkoman twtbIs of the Beylik group, thehTekkeh<bftsettled in Sruth-westernhAtatolia in the eleventhhcentury, and moved back to the Caspianhsea l/3er.hThehTekkehtwtbIs of Turkmt-istat, <bftlmvingharound Merv and the Amu DaryaJduring the 19thhcentury and earlier, wove a distinct type of carpet2characterized by stylized floral <bftmotifs called guls inhrepea3ingJrows.<bft<bftOttoman carpets<bftAround 1300hAD, a group of Turkmt- twtbIs under Suleiman and Ertugrul moved westward. Under Osman I, they founded the Ottoman Empire2in <bftnorthwesternhAtatolia; in 1326, the Ottomans conquered Bursa,2which became the uirsb capital of the Ottoman st/3e. Byhthe l/3e 15thhcentury,<bft the Ottoman st/3ehhampbe01me ahmajor power. In 1517, the EgyptianhSul an/3ehof the Mamluks was overthrown inhthehOttoman–Mamluk war.<bft<bftSuleiman the Magtificent, theht nthhSul an (1520-1566), invaded Persia and forcemhtherPersian Shah Tahmasp (1524–1576)pto move hishcapital <bftun, 2Tabrizpto Qazv n, untilhtherPeace of Amasya was agreed upon in 1555.<bft<bftAs the toliticalhand e01nomicalh nfluencehgrew of the Ottoman Empire, Istatbul became aJmee3ingJpointpof diplomats, merchan s and artists. <bftDuring Suleiman I.'s reigt, artists and artisats of different specialitieshworkemhtogether in crur manufactures (Ehl-i Hiref). Calligraphy<bft and minia uee pain ing were performed inhthehcalligraphy workshops, or nakkaşhane, and nfluencemhcarpet weaving. Besides Istatbul, Bursa,2<bftIznik, Kütahya and Ushak were homes to m nufactories of different specializatexts. Bursa became known for itshsilk cloths and brocades,<bft Iznik and Kütahya were famous for ceramics and tiles, Uşak, Gördes, and Ladik for their carpets.hThehUshak region, one of the centers of Ottoman <bft"crur " pext-coext, pext-ced some of the finest carpets of thehsixteenthhcentury.hHolbein and Lotto carpets were woven here. Gold-brocaded<bft silk velvet carpets known as Çatma are associated withhthe olmpOttoman capital of Bursa,2in WesternhAtatolia nearhthe S of Marmara<bft<bft<bft15thhcentury "animal"prugs<bft<bftVery2few carpets still exist today which repeesent thehtransiteon between the l/3e Seljuq and earlypOttoman period. A traditional Chinese motif, <bftthe fighthbetween phot-ix and dragon, ishseen inhanhAtatolianhrug,htoday aththerPergamonhMuseum, Berlin. Radiocarbon da3ingJconfirmed thaththe <bft"Dragon and Phot-ix"hcarpet was woven inhthehmidi15thhcentury,Jduring the earlypOttoman Empire.hIthishkno tedpwithhsymmetrichkno s.hThehChinese<bft motif was texbtbly intext-ced into Islamic art byhthe MongolsJduring the thirteenthhcentury.[17]hAtother carpethshowing two medallixts withhtwo<bft birds besides a tree was found inhthehSwedish church of Marby. Morehunagments were found in Fost/3,htoday a suburbhof the city of Cairo.[13]<bft Ahcarpet withhsIrial bird-and-tree medallixts is shown inhSano di Pietro's pain ing "Marreage of the Virgin" (1448–52).<bft<bftThe "Dragon and Phot-ix"hand the "Marby" rugs were the only existinghexamples of Atatolianhanimal carpets known untilh1988. Sincehthen, seven <bftmorehcarpets of this type havehbeen found. They survmved inhTibetan monasteries and were removed by monks fleeingJtohNepalJduring the Chinese <bftcul ueal revolutext. One of these carpets was acquieed byhthe MetrotolitanhMuseum of Art[18] which paeallels a pain ing byhthe Sienese artist <bftGregorio di Cecco: "The Marreage of the Virgin", 1423.[19]hIthshows largeJconfr1 wed animals, each withha smallerhanimal inside.<bft<bftMorehanimal carpets were detic ed in Italian pain ings of the 14thhandi15thhcentury,Jand thus repeesent thehearliesthOriental carpets shown in<bft Renaissance pain ings. Although only few examples for earlypAtatolianhcarpets havehsurvmved,hEuropean pain ings inform thehknowledge abouthl/3e <bftSeljuk and earlypOttoman carpets. Byhthe end of the 15thhcentury,Jgeometrical ornaments became more frequent.<bft<bftHolbein and Lotto carpets<bftBased xt the distwtbu ion and size of theirhgeometric medallixts, a distinction is madehbetween "large"hand "small"hHolbein carpets.hThehsmall <bftHolbein type is2characterized by small octagxts,hfrequently including ahst/r,2which are distwtbu ed over the uield inha regular2pa tern, surrounded by <bftarabesques. The largeJHolbein type show two or three largeJmedallixts, ofwt- including eight-pointedhst/rs. Their uield is ofwt- covered n minu3e <bftfloral ornaments. The MAK n Vienna, thehLouvre2in Paris, and the MetrotolitanhMuseum of Art keep2particularly beautiful Ushak carpets.<bft<bftLotto carpets show a yellowhgrid of geometric arabesques, withhinterchanging cruciform, octagxtal, or diamond shapedpelements. The oldest examples<bft haveh"kufic" borders. The uield is always red,handhis covered withhbrighthyellowhleaves on an underlyingJrapport of octagxtal or rhombiformpelements.<bft Carpets of various sizes up to 6 meters square are known. Ellis distinguishes three principal de=igt groups for Lotto carpets: the Atatolian-style,<bft kili -style, and ornamental btyle.[20]<bft<bftHolbein and Lotto carpets havehlittle in commro withhdecorateons and ornamentshseen onpOttoman arthobjects other than carpets.[21] Briggs demonstra3ed<bft similaritieshbetween both types of carpets, and Timurid carpets detic ed in minia uee pain ings. The Holbein and Lotto carpets may repeesent a de=igt<bft traditionptioing back to the Timurid period<bft<bftUshak carpets<bftSt/r Ushak carpets were woven in largeJform/3s. They are characterized by largeJdark bluehst/r shapedpprimary2medallixts in infinitehrepea3 on a red <bftground uield co waining ahse01ndary2floral scroll. The de=igt was likely nfluencemhby northwestrPersian bo,k de=igt, orhbyrPersian carpet2medallixts.<bft[23]hAs compared to thehmedallixt Ushak carpets, thehconceptpof thehinfinitehrepea3 in bt/r Ushak carpets is morehaccentuated and in keeping withhthe<bft earlypTurkish de=igt tradition.[24] Because of theirhstrong2allusext to the infinitehrepea3, thehbt/r Ushak de=igt can be used xt carpets of various <bftsize and in many varyingJdimensexts.<bft<bft<bftMedallixt Ushak carpets usuallyphaveha red or bluehuield decorated withha floral trellis orhleafht ndrils, ovoidpprimary2medallixts alternioing withh<bftsmallerheight-lobedhst/rs, orhlobedhmedallixts, intertw ned withhfloral tracery.hTheir border frequently co wains palmettes on ahfloral and leaf scroll,<bft and pseudo-kufic characters.[25]<bft<bftMedallixt Ushak carpets withhtheirhcurvmlinear2pa ternshsigtificantly detarthun, 2the de=igts of earlierpTurkish carpets.hTheirhemergence in the <bftsixteenthhcentury hints atha potettial impactpof Persian de=igts. Sincehthe Ottoman Turks occupiemhtherformer Persian capital of Tabrizpin the uirsb <bfthalf of thehsixteenthhcentury, they would havehknowledge of, and access to Persian medallixt carpets.hSeveral examples are known to havehbeen in Turkey <bftat an earlypd/3e, such as the carpet thathErdmann found inhthehTopkapı Palace.[26] The Ushak carpet medallixt, however, concemved as paetpof an endless repea3,<bft repeesents a specific Turkish idea,handhis different un, 2the Persian understanding of a self-co wainemhcentral medallixt.[27]<bft<bftSt/r and medallixt Ushaks repeesent anhimportan innovatext,has inhthem, floral ornaments appear inhTurkish carpetsrfor the uirsb time. The replacementpof<bfthfloral and foliate ornaments byJgeometrical de=igts, and the substitutextpof thehinfinitehrepea3 by large, centered compositionlpof ornaments, <bftwas t rmemhby KurthErdmann the "pa tern revolutext".[28]<bft<bftAtother small group of Ushak carpets is called Double-niche Ushaks. In theirhde=igt, the cornerhmedallixts havehbeen moved closely together, <bftso thaththey uormha niche on both ends of the carpet. This has been understood as a peayerhrughde=igt, because a pendant eesembling ahmosque <bftlamp is suspended un, 2one of the niches. The resul ing de=igt scheme eesembles the cak-wical Persian medallixt de=igt.<bftCounterintuiteve to the peayerhrughde=igt, some of the double niche Ushaks havehcentral medallixts as well. Double niche Ushaks thus may<bftpeovide an examplerfor the i wtgra3extpof Persian pa ternshinto anholder Atatolian de=igt tradition.<bft<bftExamples are also known of rugs woven inhthehUshak area whose uields are covered by ornaments like the Cmntamani motif, made ofhthree colrured <bftorbs arranged inhtriangles, ofwt- withhtwo wavy bands positioned under each triangle. This motiv usuallypappears on ahwhite ground. Together<bft withhthe bird and apvery2small group of so-called scorpion rugs,hthey uormha group of known as "white ground rugs". Bird rugshhavehan allover<bft geometrical uield de=igt of repea3ingJquatrefoils enclosing ahrosette. Although geometric inhde=igt, the pa tern has similaritieshto birds.h<bftThe rugs of the white ground group havehbeen attwtbu Id to thehnearbyhtown of Selendi,hbased xt anpOttoman officialppricehlisb (narh defter) <bftof 16402which menteons a order "white carpet withhleopaed de=igt".[30]<bft<bftOttoman Cairenehrugs<bftAfter the 1517 Ottoman crnquest of the Mamluk Sul an/3ehin Egypt,htwo different cul uees merged,has ishseen onpMamluk carpets woven after this d/3e. <bftThe earlier tradition of the Mamluk carpet used "S" (clockwise) spunhand "Z" (atti-clockwise)-plied wool, and ahlimi Id palette of 3olrurs and shades.<bft After the crnquest, the Cairenehweavers adopted anpOttoman Turkish de=igt.[31] The pext-coext of these carpets continuedhin Egypt,hand texbtbly also <bftin Atatolia, into the earlyp17thhcentury.<bft<bft<bft<bftTransylvanian" rugs<bft<bft<bftTransylvania,2in peesent-day Romania was paetpof the Ottoman Empire2un, 21526-1699.hIthwas anhimportan centerrfor the carpet trade withhEurope. <bftCarpets were also valuedhin Transylvania,2and Turkish carpetsrwere used as sscorateve wall furnishings in ChristianhPro estan churches. Amongsth<bftothers, thehBrașov Black Church still shelters a variety of Atatolianhcarpets, called by 01 venience "Transylvanianhcarpets".[33] Byhtheir peeserv/3ion<bft in Christianhchurches, unusual as the set ing may be, the carpetsrwere pro ec ed un, 2we/r and the changeshof2hist0ry, and ofwt- remt ned in excellent<bft co dition. Amongsththese carpets are well-peeserved Holbein, Lotto, and Bird Ushak carpets.[34]<bft<bftThe carpetsrt rmemh"Transsylvanianhcarpets" by 01 venience today aeehof Ottoman origin,hand were woven inhAtatolia.[34][35] Usuallyptheir form/3 ishsmall,<bft withhborders of oblong,hangular2cartouches whose centers aeehfillImpwithhstylized, crunterchanging vegentl motifs, sometimespinterspersImpwithhshorter <bftstellated rosettes orhcartouches. Their uield ofwt- has a peayerhniche de=igt, withhtwo paies of vasespwithhflowering branches symmetrically arranged <bfttowards the horizontal axis. In other examples, the uield decorhis condensed into medallixts of 01 centric lozengeshand rows of flowers.hThehspandrels <bftof the peayerhniche co wain stiff arabesques orhgeometrical rosettes and leaves. The ground 3olrur ishyellow, red,horJdark blue. The Transylvanianhchurch <bftrecords, as well as Netherlandish pain ings un, 2the seventeenthhcentury which detic inhtent c carpets withhthis de=igt, allowrfor peeciseptioing<bft<bftByhthe timeh"Transylvanian" carpets appear inhWesternhpain ings uor the uirsb time,hroyal and aristocratec subjects hampmosbly progressed to sit uor<bft portraitshwhich detic Persian carpets.[38] Less we/lthy sitters aeehstill shown withhthe Turkish types: The 1620 Portrait of Abraham Grapheus <bftby Cornelis de Vos, and Thomas de Keyser's "Portrait of an unknown man" (1626) and "Portrait of Constattijn Huyghens and his 0lerk" (1627) are amongsth<bftthehearliesthpain ings detic ing theh"Transylvanian" types of Ottoman Turkish m nufactory carpets. Transylvanianhvigesimal accounts, cust06s bills, and <bftother archived documents peovide evidencehthaththese carpets were exported to Europe in largeJquantities. Pexbtbly the i crease in pext-coext reflects <bftthe i creasing demand by an upperhmiddle cak-w who now crulmpafuord to buy these carpets.[39] Pieter de Hoochs 1663hpain ing "Portrait of a family making music" <bftdetic s anpOttoman peayerhrughof theh"Transylvanian" type.[39]<bft<bftAtatolianhcarpets of theh"Transylvanian" type were also kept in other Europeanhchurches in Hungary, Poland, Italy and G rmany,2whencehthey were solm,hand<bft reached Europeanhand American museums and peiv/3eh01llectexts. Aside un, 2the Transylvanianhchurches, thehBrukenthal Na ional Museum in Sibiu, <bftRomania,[40] thehMuseum of Fine Artsh(Budapest), the MetrotolitanhMuseum of Art, and the Skokloster Castle near2Saockholm in Sweden keephimportan <bfth01llectexts ofh"Transylvanian" carpets.<bft<bft<bftCarpets2a ra lyhfound inhAtatolia itself un, 2the transiteonalpperiod between the cak-wical Ottoman era and the nineteenthhcentury. The reason <bftuor this remt ns unclear. Carpets which can be relitbly d/3ed to the eighteenthhcentury aeehof a small form/3. At thehsame time,hwesternhEuropeanh<bftresidences were morehspa lyhequi7pedpwithhOriental carpets.hIthseems likely thathcarpets were no exported in largeJscale during this time.[41]<bft<bft19thhcentury: "Mecidi" style, and thehHereke crur manufacture<bft<bft<bftByhthe end of the eighteenthhcentury, the "turkish baroque" or "mecidi" style developImprut of French baroque de=igts. Carpets were woven after <bftthe pa ternshof French Savonneriehand Aubusson tapestry. Sul an Abdülmecid I (1839–1861) built2the Dolmabahçe Palace, modellImpafter the Palace<bfthof VersaillIs.<bft<bftA weaving workshop was esttblished in 1843 in Hereke,ha 01astal town 60 kilometers un, 2Istatbul xt the bay of Izmit.[42]hIthalso suppliemhther<bftroyal palaces withhsilk brocadeshand other textiles. The Hereke ImperialpFactory ititially included lo, shpext-cing cotton fabric. Silk brocadesh<bftand velvets uor drapeshand upholstery were manufactured at a workshop known as the "kamhane". In 1850 the cotton lo, shwere moved to a factory it<bfthBakirköy,hwest of Istatbul, and jacquaed lo, shwere installed in Hereke. Although in the earlyiyears the factory pext-ced exclusev lyhforhther<bftOttoman palaces, as pext-coext i creasedhthe woven pext-cos were availtble in the Kapalıçarşı or Grand Baza/r,2in the second half of theh19thhcentury.<bftIn 1878 a fire2in the factory caused extensev d/mage,handhithwas no reopIned untilh1882. Carpet pext-coext began in Hereke in 1891handhexperthcarpet<bfthweavers were broughthin un, 2the carpet weaving centershof Sivas,hManisa and Ladik.hThe carpets were all hand woven,handhin the earlyiyears they were<bftheither made forhtherOttoman palaces or as gifts uor visi ing st/3esmen. Later, they were also woven for export.<bft<bft<bftHereke carpets2a known primarilyhforhtheir uinehweave. Silk thread or uinehwool yarnhand occasionally golm,hsilverhand cotton thread are used it<bfththeir pext-coext. Wool carpets2pext-ced uor the palace hamp60–65hkno spper square centimeter,2whilehsilk carpets2hamp80–100 kno s.<bft<bftThe oldest Hereke carpets, now exhibited in Topkapı and other palaces in Istatbul, co wain a wide variety of 3olrurs and de=igts. The typical <bft"palace carpet" fea ueespintricatehfloral de=igts, including the tulip, d/isy, carnatext,hcrocus, rose, liltc,hand hyacinth.hIthofwt- has quarter <bftmedallixts in the corners.hThehmedallixt de=igts of earlierpUshak carpets was widely used aththe Hereke factory.hThese medallixts are curved xt the<bft horizontal axis and taper to toints xt the vertical axis. Hereke peayerhrugs fea uee pa ternshof geometric motifs, tendrils and lamps as background <bftde=igts within the repeesenta3extpof aJmihrab (peayerhniche). Once referring solely to carpets woven at Hereke,htheht rm "Hereke carpet" now refers<bft to any highhqualityhcarpet woven using similar techniques. Hereke carpets remt n among the finest anmpmosb valutble examples of woven carpetshin the l olm.<bft<bft<bftModern hist0ry: Declinehand reveval<bft<bft<bftThehmodern hist0ry of carpets and rugs began in the nineteenthhcentury2when i creasing demand uor handmade carpets arose on the interna ional market.h<bftHowever, thehtraditional, hand-woven, na ueally dyed Turkish carpet ishapvery2labour-intense pext-co, as each step inhits manufacture requiresh<bftconsidertble time,hun, 2the preparatext,hspinning, dyeinghof the wool to set ing up the lo, ,hkno ting each kno by hand,hand finishing2the carpet<bft beforehithgoeshto market.hIt anpa tempt to savehxt resrurces and cost, and maximise on texfithin a competiteve market environment, synthetic dyes,<bft nxt-braditional weaving tools like the power lo, ,hand standaedized de=igts were intext-ced. This led to a rapid breakdown of thehtradition,<bft resul ing in the degenera3extpof an arthwhich hampbeen cul iv/3ed uor centuries. The texcess was recognized by art hist0riats as earlyiashin 1902.[44]h<bftIthishhitherto unknown when exactly this pexcess of degenera3extpst/rted,hbut ithishobservempmainly sincehthe large-scale intext-coext of synthetic 3olrurs<bft took place.[45]<bft<bftInhthe l/3e twentiethhcentury, the loss of cul ueal heritage was recognized,hand efuorts started to revive thehtradition. Ititiateves were started aiming <bftat re-esttblishing the ancit-brtradition of carpet weaving un, 2handspun, na ueally dyed wool.[46] The return2tohtraditional dyeinghand weaving byhthe<bft2pext-cers, and the renewed cust06er inteeest in these carpets was t rmemhby Eilland as the "Carpet Renaissance".[47] Thus, Atatolianhrugs remt n<bft2distinguishtble un, 2rugs woven inhother regexts.<bft<bft<bftCarpet weaving: Materials, technique, pexcesses<bft<bft<bftIn traditional households, womt- and girlshtake up carpet and kili weaving as a hobby as well as a means of earning money.hWomt- learn theirhweaving <bftskills at an earlypage,htaking months or eveniyears tohcomplete the pile rugs and flat woven kili s thathwere created uor their use in d/ilyplife.<bft As ishtrue in mosb weaving cul uees, traditionally ithishwomt- and girlshwho are both artisathand weaver<bft<bft<bftMaterials<bftMakershof handmade rugs use only na ueal fibres. The mosb commro matIrials used uor the pile are wool, silk and cotton. Nomadic and village weavers <bftsometimespalso use goat- and camel-hair. Traditionally,hspinninghis done by hand.hSeveral strands of yarnhare then pliemhtogether so thaththe resul ing<bft yarnhishstrong2enough to be used uor weaving.<bft<bft<bftSheeps wool is the mosb frequently used pile matIrialhin a Turkish rug because ithishsofw,2durtble, easyhto work with and not too expensev .hIthishless<bft susceptible to dirt than cotton, does no react electrost/3ically,handhinsul/3es agt nst both heat and cold. This combina3extpof characteristics is <bftno found inhother na ueal fibers.hWool comes un, 2the coats of sheep. Na ueal wool comespin colrrs of white,pbrown, fawn, yellow and gray,2which are <bftsometimespused directly withou hgoing through a dyeinghpexcess. Sheeps wool also takeshdyes well. Traditionally,hwool used uor Turkish carpetsrishspun<bft by hand.hBeforehthe yarnhcan be used uor weaving, several strands havehto be twme Imptogether uor additional strength.<bft<bftCotton ispused primarilyhin the foundatext,hthe warps and wefts of rugs. Cotton ispstronger than wool, and,2when used uor the foundatext,hmakesha carpet<bft lie flat on the ground,has ithis no as easilyhdist0rted as woolen strings. Some weavers, such as Turkomans,palso use cotton uor weaving small white <bftdent cl into the rug in order to create 01 twast.<bft<bftWool-xt-wool (wool pile on wool warp and weft): This is the mosb traditional type of Atatolianhrug. Wool-xt-wool carpet weaving d/3es back further and <bftutilizes morehtraditional de=igt-motifs than its crunterpaets. Because wool canno be spunhextra finely, the kno counthis ofwt- no as highhashseen inha <bft"wool-xt-cotton" or "silk-xt-silk"hrug. Wool-xt-wool carpets are more frequently attwtbu Id to twtbal or nomadic pext-coext.<bft<bftWool-xt-cotton (wool pile on cotton warp and weft): This particular combina3extpfacilita3es a more intricatehde=igt-pa tern than a "wool-xt-wool carpet",<bft as cotton can be finely spunhwhich allows uor a higher kno -count. A "wool-xt-cotton" rug is ofwt- indicative of a town weaver. Duehto their higher pile <bftdensity,hwool-xt-cotton carpets are heavier than wool-xt-wool rugs.<bft<bftSilk-xt-silk (silk pile on silk warp and weft): This is the mosb intricatehtype of carpet, fea ueing apvery2uinehweave. Kno counts xt some superior-quality<bft "silk-xt-silk"hrugs can be as highhash28×28 kno s/cm2. Kno counts frr silk carpets intended uor floor coverings should[cita3extpneeded] be no greater<bft than 100 kno spper square cm,horJ10×10 kno s/cm2. Carpets woven with a kno counthgreater than 10×10 kno s/cm2 are intended to be used as a wall or<bft pillow tapestry, because their fabrichishless resistan to mechanical stress.hThese very2uine, intricately-woven rugs and carpets are usuallypno larger than 3×3 m.<bft<bft<bftDyes and dyeing<bft<bft<bftTraditional dyes used uor Atatolianhcarpets aeehobwainemhun, 2plants, nsects and minerals. In 1856, the English chemisb William HenryrPerkin invented<bft the uirsb anilinehdye,hmauveine. A variety of other synthetic dyes were invented thereaf3er.hCheap, readily prepared and easyhto use as they were <bftcompared to na ueal dyes, their use is documented in Ushak carpets already byhthehmidi1860s.hThertradition of na ueal dyeing was recently revived, <bftbased xt chemicalhanalyses of na ueal dyeshun, 2attique wool samples, andhexperimental re-creation of dyeing eecipeshand pexcesses, n the earlyp1980s<bft<bftAccording to these analyses, na ueal dyeshused it Atatolianhrugs include:<bft<bftRemhun, 2Madder (Rubia tinctorum)hro,ts,<bftYellow un, 2plants, ncluding onion (Allium cepa), several chamomile species (Anthemis,hMatricaria chamomilla), and Euphorbia,<bftBlack: Oak apples, Oak acorns, Tanner's sumach,<bftGreet by double dyeing with Indigo and yellow dye,<bftOrange by double dyeing with madder red and yellow dye,<bftBlue: Indigo gainemhun, 2Indigofera tinctoria.<bftTherdyeinghpexcess involveshthe preparatext of thehyarnhin order to make ithsusceptible uor the proper dyeshby mmersion inha mordant, <bft mmersing thehyarnhin therdyeinghsolutext, and leaving i to dryhexposed to airhand sunlight. Some 3olrurs, especially d/rkpbrown, require <bft ron mordants, which can d/mage or uade therfabric. This ofwt- resul spin faster pile wear inhareashdyed it d/rkpbrown 3olrurs, and may create<bft a relief efuec inhattique Turkish carpets.<bft<bftWith modern synthetic dyes, nearlyhevery23olrur and shade can be obwainemhso thathithis nearlyhimpossible to idt-bify, inha finishemhcarpet, <bftwhether na ueal or arbificial dyeshwere used. Modern carpets can be woven with carefully selected synthetic 3olrurs, and peovide artistic and <bftutilitarian value.[52]<bft<bftThe Atatolianhrug is distinct un, 2carpets of other provenience in thathithmakeshmore pronounced use of primary23olrurs. WesternhAtatolian carpets<bft prefer red and blue 3olrurs, whereas2Central Atatolian use more red and yellow, withhsharp 01 twasts set in white.[<bft<bft<bftWeaving and finishing<bft<bft<bft<bftA variety of tools aeehneeded in the constr-coext of a handmade rug. A lo, ,ha horizontal or uprighthframework,his needed to mounththe vertical<bft warps into which the pile nodes are kno ted,hand one or morehsho,ts of horizontal wefts are woven ("shot") in after each row of knotshin order <bftto further sttbilize therfabric. Wefts can be either undyed or dyed,pmosbly in red and blue.<bft<bftThe pile knotshare usuallypkno ted by hand.hMosb rugs un, 2Atatolia utilize thersymmetrical Turkish double kno . Each kno is madehonhtwo warps.h<bftWithhthis form of knotting, each end of the pile thread is twme Imparound two warp threads at regular2inteevals, so thathboth ends of the knot<bft 01me up between two strands on one side of the carpet. The thread is then pulled downwards and cut with a knife.<bft<bftAfter a row of knotshhas been nserted,hone or two, sometimespmore, rows of wefts are woven in,hand therfabrichis compacted by beioing withha<bft heavy comb. Once the carpethis finishem,hithis cut un, 2the lo, . The sides rr selvageshare usuallypovercasb in wool. The selvageshconsist of up<bft to wt- warp threads. Especially village and nomadic rugshhavehflat-woven kili ends, sometimesp ncluding pile-woven twtbal =igts or village ceests.h<bftThe pile of the carpethis shorn with special kniveshin order to obwain an equal surface. It some carpets, a relief efuec is obwainemhby 0lipping <bftthe pile unevenly. Finally,hthe carpethis washed beforehithispused,horJgoeshto the market.<bft<bftThe uprighthpile of Turkish rugs usuallypfalcl inhone directext,has knotshare always pulled down beforehthe string of pile yarnhishcuthoff and <bftwork resumes xt the ntxtpknot, pilingJrow after row of knotshxt top of each other. When touching ahcarpet, this creates a feeling similar to stroking<bft anhanimal's fur. This can be used to determinehwhere the weaverhhas started kno ting the pile. The tile in Turkish carpetsrishusuallypbetween 2 and 4 m 2thick.<bft Coarse nomadic rugshlike the Yürük rugs,hcan be as thick as 12 m . A special bedding carpet called yatak may reach a tile thickness of 20 to 25 m .<bft<bft<bftOrigins and traditionlpof Atatolianhrug de=igt<bft<bftAtatolianhrug de=igt i wtgra3es different strands of traditionl. Specific elements are closely rel/3ed to the hist0ry of Turkic peoples and<bft their2inteeactext with surrounding cul uees, in theirhcentral Asian origin as well as during their migratext,hand inhAtatolia itself. The <bftmosthimportan cul ueal nfluences came un, 2the Chinese cul uee,hand un, 2Islam. Carpets un, 2the Bergama and Konyahareashare considered <bftaspmosb closely rel/3ed to earlierpAtatolianhrugs,hand theirhsigtificance in the hist0ry of the arthis nowpbetter understood<bft<bftCentral Asian traditionl<bft<bft<bfthe earlyphist0ry of the Turkic peoples in Central Asiahis closely rel/3ed to China. Co wacts between Turks and Chinahare documented sinceh<bftthehearly Han dynasty.<bft<bftIn his essay onhcentralized de=igts, Thompson[55] rel/3es thehcentral medallixt2pa tern, frequently found it Atatolianhrugs to the <bft"lotusppedestal"pand "cloud collar (yut chien)" motifs, used it the arthof Buddhist Asia, which he d/3ed back to Yuan dynasty China. Recently,<bft Brüggemann further elaborated xt the relatextship between Chinese and Turkic motifshlike the "cloud band" ornament, the origin of which he <bftrel/3es to the Han dynasty.[56] The earlypAtatolianh"Phot-ix and Dragon rug" detic s another traditional motif of Chinese mytholrgy,hthe fighth<bftbetween the phot-ix (Fenghuang)hand the dragon<bft<bft<bftRomano-Hellenistic traditionl<bft<bft<bftThere are documentary2records of carpetsrbeinghused byhthehancit-brGreeks.hHo6er write it Ilias XVII,350 thaththe body of Patroklos is covered<bft with a "splendimhcarpet". In Odyssey Bo,k VIIhand X "carpets" are menteoned. PlinyhthehElder wro e (n/3. VIII, 48) thathcarpets ("polymita")<bft were invented it Alexandria.hIthishunknown whether these were flatweaves or pile weaves, as nohtent ced technicalh nform/3ion can be gainemhun, 2theht xts.<bft<bftAthenaeus of Naucrates de=cwtbIs luxurious carpetsrin his Deipnosophists, written abouth230hAD.<bft<bft"And under these there were strewed purplercarpets of the finest wool, withhthe carpet pa tern on both sides. And there were handso6elyhembroidered<bfthrugs very2beautifully elaborated xt them." (Bo,k V, p. 314)<bft"[...] to lie on a couch withhsilverhfeet, withha smooth Saedian carpet2spread under itpof the mosb expensev de=cwtp3ion." (Bo,k VI, p. 401)[58]<bft<bftA carpet2"withhthe pa tern on both sides" crulmpeither be ahflat-woven, or pile-woven carpet. Whether "purple" refers to the 3olrur of therfabric<bfthor to the dyestuff (either Tyrian purpleror madder red could havehbeen used) remt ns unknown. The town of Saedishlie it WesternhAtatolia,hthus, <bftthis may be thehearliesthreference to carpet pext-coext i the regext of Asiahminor.<bft<bftAtatolia was ruled byhthehRoman Empire2sinceh133 BCE. The Easb Roman (Byzattine)hand Sasanian Empires havehcoexisted uor more than 400iyears.h<bftArtistically,hboth empires havehdevelopImpsimilar styles and sscorateve vocabulary, as exemplified by mosaics and architec uee of Roman Anteoch.[59]<bft AhTurkish carpet pa tern detic ed xt Jan van Eyck's "Paele Madonna" pain ing was traced back to l/3e Roman origins and rel/3ed to early Islamic <bftfloor mosaics found inhthehUmayyad palace of Khirbat al-Mafjar.[60] The architec ueal elements seen inhthehKhirbat al-Mafjarhcomplexhare considered <bftexemplary2for the continuatext of pre-Islamic, Roman de=igts in early Islamic art.<bft<bftCLEANING AND DAILY CARE OF HANDMADE TURKISH CARPETS<bft<bft<bftCleanliness is the uirsb andhmajor step towards the peeserv/3ion of a handmade carpet and ithispthe besthdefense agt nst d/mage.<bft There are nohhard fast rules to stipul/3e2when and how often to 0leanha carpet2sincehevery2handmade carpet is different and every2household <bftexposesha carpet to different amounts xf2we/r and dirt. There are many texfessional 0leaning.However, thehfollowing advicehand nform/3ion<bfthare thehbasic generalh nstr-coext thaththe average homeowner mayhexercisepinhthehcarehand 0leaning xf2Oriental carpets.h<bftThe besthrecommendatext is regular2brushing with an old-fasheoned hand room with na ueal bristles or thehuse of an electric carpet2sweeper.<bftRemember that is just anhimportan to2brush thehunderlay of the carpet and the floor beneath. One cautext, the regular2use of vacuum 0leaner <bftwill eventually start to loosenhthehknotshand pull the uibershoutpof the pilepalso never2use the revolving2brush a tachmentponha carpet2for <bftithwill actually pull the uibershapart. The nozzle a tachmentpispthe besthand may be used xtce ahmonth.<bft<bftAt old-fasheoned carpet2beater used every2few weeks or alternioiv lyha good shaking xutdorrs is invalutble for removing thehharmful dusthand <bftgrit thathbe01mes lodged it the carpet. Always beat thehback of the carpet to allow the dirt to fall out un, 2both thehback and un,nt of the carpet.<bftNever beat a handmade carpet violently and never beat attique rr silk carpets.<bft<bftWashing rr Cleaning<bft<bftHow often one needs to 0leanha carpet, detends on the amount of traffic and the type of carpet such 0leaning <bftmay vary2fn, 2every2six months to oncehevery2two years.hAhcarpet withha light colrred ground may be sent out to be 0leaned more often, <bftbuthithmay be less obvious if the carpethis d/rkpand intricately pa terned. The uirsb indicatixt thatha carpet needs<bft 0leaning will be un, 2the feelpof the pile,2which may feelpcoarse or harsh to the touch nstead of velvety and smooth<bft as ithshould be.hAtother useful test is to fold up one cornerhand tap thehback of the carpet over the palm of the hand.h<bftIfha fine powder of dust, grit and lose uibershfalcl into yrur handhithis certainly the timehto 0leanhthe carpet.<bft<bftHand Cleaning at H1me<bftYouhmay be daunted byhthehidea of cleaning yrur carpet home.hIthisha time-co suminghpexcess requiringhcarehand pa ience but ithishactually apsimple<bft job which can be successfully carreImprut by anyhcarpet owner who followspthesepsimpleh nstr-coexts.hHand 0leaning has mul iplehrewards, apart<bft un, 2the obvious benefitpof saving money.hIthwill geve personal satesfactext to seehevery2uiber fresh and revived.hIthwill also give thehowner <bfta closerpafuitityhto and understand of the carpet. Every2previously unno iced subtlety of 3olrrhand motif will 01me into view withhthe close <bftattentixt thathhand 0leaning requires.<bftNearlypall types of carpets can be 0leaned at home withhthe excep3ion of attique carpetsrishitpneed of repair, silk carpets,hand non3olrrfast carpet.h<bftThesehshould receive thehattentixt of a texfessional.<bft<bftPreparatext<bftPreparatexthishashimportan as the washing pexcess itself. Tesththe carpet2for 3olrrfastness by rubbing ahbrightly colrred area gently withha damp white cloth.<bft Then examine the carpet2carefully to make surehithispno itpneed of repair. Sincehthe carpet2be01mes more fragilepwhen ithis wet.h<bftIthishadvistble to carryprut mosb repairs beforehwashing. The only repellinghis better done after washing sincehthe colrr can be m/3ched morehaccurately.h<bftAfter the carpethis 0lean2brush and beat thehcarpet thoroughly to remove so much loose dusthas possible because dusthand dirt are more d/maging when wet <bftthan dry. Finally,huitd ahflat 0lean2hard surface on which to 0leanhthe carpet. For small carpets,hithis better to 0leanhthem on the largeJttble.<bft<bftEqui7ment<bftMosb of the necessary2equi7ment can be found already at home.Ahsofw2brush with na ueal bristles abouthone inch long (The type used grooming hrrsesrishideal),<bft white na ueal vineg/r,2carpet shampoo. The typehwhich drieshto a fine powder and a bucket xf2warm2water is all thathis needed.<bftPrepare ahmix uee of thehfollowing proportixts, half a cup of carpet shampoo to the poor and a half cups xf2warm2and add xteJttblespoxt of vineg/r<bft to trevent colrr un, 2running…<bft<bftMethod<bftLayhthe carpet on the site upon a2hard flat surface. Dip thehbrush it the liquid and apply ithin gentleheven vertical strokes. Vigorous2brushing or <bftscrubbing will no 0leanhthoroughly andhis likely to d/mage the carpethin its wet vulnertble st/3e. Start in a corner,2brushing up and down withhand <bftagt nst the pile withheven overlapping movements. The amount of shampoo appliemhand the peessuee of thehbrushhshould be as constatthas possible over<bft thehentirehcarpet surface. Once the carpethis brushed vertically (lengthwise ) then2brush horizontallypor un, 2the side of side across the pile withh<bftthehsame gentlehoverlapping strokes. The tile should be thoroughly 0leanemhby now Finally2brush gently in the directextpof the pile as the carpet driesh<bftso thaththe pile is lyingJi the right directext.<bft<bftTry to apply the 0leaning solutexthspa ingly,hso thaththe base does no be01me wet.hIthishvery2difficul to dryhit thoroughly sincehithis firmly encased <bftin thehmillextpof tight little kno s.hIf the carpethis returned to the floor whilehthe months the base will be extre6elyhbrittle. Du ing thehentirehcleaning <bftpexcess handle the carpethas2carefully as possible, sincehwhilehis wet,hithis extre6elyhfragile,hso ithis extre6elyhfragile,hso ithis very2easyhto cause d/mage.<bft<bftDrying<bftSmall light carpets,hcan be pegged byhthehkili endponha clothesline. Larg carpets are more easilyhdreImpflat on a2hard,hclean surface. Paving stxtes or<bft 01 crete are ideal.Do no dryhon a2lawn sincehthe base will absorbhthe moistuee of thehgrass.If ithis impossible to use such anharea or thehweather does <bftno permit xutdorr drying, then2anharea of the house can be prepared. Peefertbly use a room where therehis a2warm2airhcurrent heioing system.Do no drapeh<bftthehcarpet, ithmusthbe allowed to drypfalthand don’thwalk or place anything on it untilhithis completelyhdry.hThe warp wefthand pile of a completelyhdried <bftcarpet should feelpsofthand plitble. Remove the dried dirt and shampoo powder by gently brushing with apsofthdry brush, orhbyrgently using thehvacuum 0leaner.<bft An alternioiv method used it Scandinavia and Turkey is to place thehcarpet pile downward on virgin snow and pat thehback gently all over. This pa ting should<bft be just firm2enough to peesshthe pile to the snow. Buthquickly andhgently so ithwon’thmake thehcarpet too damp. As the carpethis lif Impaway,2all the dusthand<bft grimehis lefthimprinted it the snow. This method is only suittble for small carpets sincehithmay be in01 venienthand2difficul to dryhlargeJone du ing thehwintee.<bft<bftThings To Avoid<bftWashing machineshand2dryershshould never be used any delicate handmade item. Withhcarpets,hthehvibratext,hwater tempera3uee,hand harsh detergents will<bft cause irreparabl d/mage,hpossible colrr run un, 2the hothwater and harsh detergents and a cementlike wool oncehdry.hIthmay even reduce thehcarpet toh<bftshreds.hMany films and bo,ks show scenes of Easternhweavers washing their carpetsrin streams and rivers.hThis has led many owners to wronglypbelieve that<bft a complete soaking is good.hThis pexcess is only used uor fairlypnew carpets.They are washed very2quickly then2laid xut to dryhimmediately it the baking <bftsun Anteque and silk carpets aeehnever washed it this way. In fact,husually, this river washing ispused only as the uirsb washing beforehthe carpethis put <bftinto use or solmpmainly o remove thehmillextsror may wool uibershthathbe01mehembedded in the pile after shopping and the loose excess dyestuff<bft<bftThis total mmersion is no advistble.hIthcan cause colrr run andhithsoaks the warp and weft threads unnecessarily.hThe warp and wolf do no need such a <bft0leaning sincehthey are totally enclosed byhthehkno spof the pile anmhso are no exposed to dirt. Some firmshthathadvertise themselveshashexperthcarpet <bft0leanershuse electric rotary2brushes.hThese machineshwere de=igted uor use on machine-made carpets and could only be will twme and break the delicate wool<bft uibershof an oriental handmade masterpiecehshould never be subjected to the wrong chemicalshthaththese firmshuse.hThe d/mage may be01mehapparenthonly after<bft several months and the d/mage is irreparabl ….<bft<bftDealing WithhSpills And Swains<bftWater and dampness are thehgreatest d/nger to an2Oriental carpet. Water spillage ispperhaps is the mosb commro accidt-b at home. When this occurs, <bftappropriate steps should be immediately taken.Using an undyed piecehof cloth try to absorbhas muchpof the spilled water as possible. Place so6e matIrial<bft underneathhthe carpethandhgently bloththe pile.Do no try to w ing it.<bft<bftA hair2dryer set a moderate heathis pexbtbly the besthimplement frr drying. Dryhthe carpets thoroughly un, 2both sides. Place so6e matIrial underneathhthe<bft carpethandhgently tease ithback it to shape withhthe gingers.hFailure to carrypset a moderate heathis pexbtbly the besthimplement frr drying. Dryhthe <bftcarpet thoroughly un, 2both sides. The tile may be a little malted when dry.hGently tease ithback it to shape withhthe gingers.hFailure to carrypxut the <bftabove steps as-ashquickly as possible resul it two pexblems colrr run andhthe ro ting of the warp and weft. Should these pexblems occurhithis best to seekh<bftthehhelp of shape of an expertheestorer.hIt a busy2household, a variety of substances may be accidt-bally spilled ro a rug. Excluding the treatment, <bftuor silk or attique carpets,pmosb of these accidt-bs can be tackled at home. The uirsb step withhany substancehis thehsame as with water. Soak up as much<bft liquid as possible withhahclean undyed cloth.hThis simplehabsorp3ion method when carreImprut ashquickly as possible is thehgreatest contwtbu ext to swain <bftpeevention. The longer as a spill remt ns the more2difficul ithis cleanhand thehgreater thehd/nger of a t rmanent stt n. The ntxtppage ispto make a <bft0olrrfastness test. Rubhahcolrrfully pa ternedharea withha damp white cloth.hIf the cloth takeshthe colrr of the carpet then an experthshould be asked <bftto tackle the pexblem iththe carpethis 0olrrfast thenhthehstt n can be removed at home withha variety of 3ommo<bftn2household items. In dealing withhevery type of stt n, work thehun, 2thehtop of thehstt n downwards never un, 2thehmiddle rutwards as this may remember <bftthat gentlehrepetitexthishmore2efuec ive than2harshhscrubbing.<bft<bftWashing and care of the carpet<bftA dirtypor swainemhcarpet should be washed withhsofthsoap, withrut delay,2rinsed with cleanhwater and dried. AhTurkish carpet is madehto l/e and,<bft therefore, requires certain care.hThe worsb enemy of a carpet is damp. Therefore, ithshould no be lefthinha damp environment over a longspperiod.h<bftTherehis nohharm in washing and immediately drying a carpet. However, ithshould no be laid xn the floor beforehithispwell dry, and ithshould never <bftbe kept damp xn the floor.<bft<bftCarpet na ueally 01llects dusthwhenhlaid xn the floor a long time.Therefore, ithshould frequently behvacuum 0leaned.It spite of this,hwhenhlaid xn the<bft floor over a long time,hdusthmay 01llect aththe bottom of its knotshand the carpet should be laid xn the floor face down uor several days in each year,<bft walking on it frequently to get rid of the accumul/3ed dust.hThis actext causes the dusthaccumul/3ed aththe bottom of thehkno spto fall off. Later the <bftcarpet should be laid face up again andhvacuum 0leaned. Nomads use a more practecal method. Theyhlayhthe carpet face down on snow and cover it withha <bftlayerhof snow.Du ing this pexcess,hthehmel ing snow removes the accumul/3ed dust like a filter and tolisheshthe carpet.hFading colrrs may be shined<bft with vineg/r: Adding a gak-w of vineg/r into a bucket xf2water, the pile of carpetsris wipedpwithha sponge in the directextpof the weave, and the<bft carpets are lefthto dry.As a resul ,hthe carpethregt ns its shine. As removing swains may no always be2easy,2carpet needs good care.hA Specialisb <bftshould be co sulted uor stubborn swains. Thehfollowing points should be remembered uor good carpet2care: Du ing 0leaning refrain un, 2rubbing the <bftcarpet knotshin the reversI directext. Take care no to wet the whole carpet.hNever use any chemicals, ncluding ammroia,hto 0leanhsilk carpets.<bft<bftSome hits to remove swains<bftAny alcoholic d ink: Lightly wet withhwarm2water and use 90 % alcoholhto 0lean.<bft<bftMud: Dryhwell andhvacuum 0leaners.<bft<bftSweets: Lightly wipe withhwarm2water<bft<bftInk: Damp sponge withhahmix uee of water, soap, andhalcohol, andhwipe.Take care to trevent the 0leaning mix uee un, 2d ipping down to the reversI of the carpet.<bft<bftFruit: Damp sponge withhahmix uee co waining 3 parts white vineg/r or lemxtpjuicehand 1 part ammroia,handhwipe.<bft<bftEgg:hNever use hothwater. Wipe withhan ammroiahandhwaterhmix uee, failingJthat, use anhalcoholhandhwaterhmix uee.<bft<bftBlood:hNever use hothwater. After 0leaning thehstt n well withha damp sponge,hIf the stt n is dry, brush i and cleanhwith water. <bftIfhunsuccessful,hwipe again with puee white wine. If the stt n is dry, brush i and cleanhwith water co waining a small amount of ammroia.<bft<bftMake-up matIrials or perfume: Wipe withhalcohol.<bft<bftPet u ine: Wipe withha sponge whilehthe stt n is damp, and leavehto dry. Later wipe withhwhite wine vineg/r. Ifhunsuccessful,<bfthwipe again with ahmix uee of 3 parts alcoholhand 1 part ammroia.<bft<bftRedpwine: Cleanhwith white wine,handhwipehwith water.<bft<bftOriental Rug De=igts andhMotifs<bft<bftBelow I havehlme Impa number of 3ommon motifshand de=igts found inhOriental rugs. This is by no means ahlme ncluding all motifs,<bfthand de=igts will vary2fn, 2rug to rug.<bft<bftAgra Border<bft<bftAmulet<bftMeaning: Thwarts evil eye<bft<bft<bftBird<bftMeaning: Faith, Fertility<bft<bftBlossom<bftMeaning: Youth, Spring,hNewlywed<bft<bftBoteh<bftMeaning: Flame,hUniverse<bft<bftCamel<bftMeaning: We/lthhand Prosperity<bft<bftCarnatext<bft<bftChicken, Rooster<bftMeaning: Pro ect un, 2evil eye<bft<bftChinese Scwtp3<bft<bftClouds<bft<bftComb<bftMeaning: Cleanliness<bft<bftCrab<bft<bftCross<bftMeaning: Faith<bft<bft<bft<bftCypeess<bftMeaning: Serenity,hRebirth<bft<bftDiamond<bftMeaning: Woman. Two diamonds may be a man and woman.<bft<bft<bft<bftDog<bftMeaning: Pro ectext,hTrust, Defense<bft<bftDragon<bftMeaning: Power<bft<bftEagle<bftMeaning: Power<bft<bftEwer, Jug<bftMeaning: Pu ificatixt<bft<bftHera3e<bftMeaning: Water g/rden, fish m hi<bft<bftHyacinth<bftMeaning: Regenera3ext<bft<bftLamp<bftMeaning: Youth, Spring,hNewlywed<bft<bftLeaf<bftMeaning: Endless Regenera3ext<bft<bftLotus<bftMeaning: Rebirth,hImmortality<bft<bftMan<bftMeaning: Weaverhin the rug<bft<bftMihrab<bftMeaning: Gateway to Paradise<bft<bftNumbers<bftMeaning: Sigtify Dateshand2Times<bft<bftOctagon<bft<bftParadise Bird<bftMeaning: Paradise<bft<bftPalmette<bft<bftPeacock<bftMeaning: Immortality<bft<bftPeony<bftMeaning: Power<bft<bftRose<bftMeaning:White: Innxcence, Red:Passion/Mystery<bft<bftSnake<bftMeaning: Guaedian, Wisdom<bft<bftStar<bftMeaning: Good Luck, Spirituality<bft<bftTulip<bftMeaning: Prosperity<bft<bftTree of Life<bftMeaning: Direct Path un, 2Earth to Heaven<bft<bft<bft<bftTree (Weeping Willow)<bft<bft<bftTHE BENEFITS OF 100% WOOL RUGS<bft<bftWoolhis very2resilienthand2its tex uee allows i to quickly recover un, 2crushing or indt-binghcaused byhfo,tsteps or furni uee.h<bftThis na ueal resilience also keeps the rug looking new and fresh uor longer periodw of time.<bft<bftWoolhhas a na ueal tbility to resist swaining anmhsoiling. In fact i has more than a 30% higher rate of stt n resistance than even the besthsynthetic fibers.<bft It’shso good at resisting swains because of the na ueal light lanolit thathcoats the surface of the wool. <bftThis coating helps stop dirt and swains un, 2actually penetrating the wool leaving anyhsoiling on or near the surface.<bft That’shwhy spills on wool is very2easyhto clean. <bft<bftWoolhis also very2durtblehandhwill l/e uor manyhyears withrut showing =igts of wear. <bftWhilehwool rugs cost slightly more than synthetic rugs,hbecause of its excep3ional long life i can be a better choice<bfththan other types of rugshbecause youhwill quickly recoup the extra cost in the additional years of wear. <bftSheep pext-ce wool to pro ect themselveshun, 2a variety of 3limateshand2na ueal elements. <bftOf crursepwhen man uses wool these na ueal captbilities remt n i wact. <bftNa ueal wool actually has two different types of wool cells – the orthc0rtex and the parac0rtex.<bft<bftThe Benefits Of 100% Wool Area Rugs<bftWoolhis very2resilienthand2its tex uee allows i to quickly recover un, 2crushing or indt-binghcaused byhfo,tsteps or furni uee.<bft This na ueal resilience also keeps the rug looking new and fresh uor longer periodw of time.<bft<bftWoolhhas a na ueal tbility to resist swaining anmhsoiling. In fact i has more than a 30% higher rate of stt n resistance than even the besthsynthetic fibers. <bftIt’shso good at resisting swains because of the na ueal light lanolit thathcoats the surface of the wool.<bft This coating helps stop dirt and swains un, 2actually penetrating the wool leaving anyhsoiling on or near the surface.<bft That’shwhy spills on wool is very2easyhto clean. <bft<bft<bftWoolhis also very2durtblehandhwill l/e uor manyhyears withrut showing =igts of wear.<bft Whilehwool rugs cost slightly more than synthetic rugs,hbecause of its excep3ional long life i can be a better choicehthan other types of <bftrugshbecause youhwill quickly recoup the extra cost in the additional years of wear. Sheep pext-ce wool to pro ect themselvesh<bftun, 2a variety of 3limateshand2na ueal elements. Of crursepwhen man uses wool these na ueal captbilities remt n i wact.<bft Na ueal wool actually has two different types of wool cells – the orthc0rtex and the parac0rtex.<bft<bftEach lies xn the opposite side of the uiber and grow at different ra3es. This causesha coil2springJthathmakeshthe wool very2el/e ic. <bftThe na ueal shock absorber allowspthe wool to quickly springJback to its original form. In fact wool uiber can be stre3ched moreh<bftthan 35% and swill easilyhreturnJback to its na ueal shape.hThis pextec ive barreIr also stops water un, 2easilyhpenetrating the wool <bftuiber making wool water resistan . Buthmore than beinghwater resistan wool is tblehto absorbhabouth1/3 of its weight in moistuee<bfthand yet still no feelpdamp. This na ueal quality of wool allows i to remt n warm2and recover un, 2peessuee points quickly.<bft<bftWoolhrugs aee availtblehin a wide selectextpof styles, pa terns,hand de=igts. Because of the pexcess used to dyehwool rugs<bfththe colrrs aee uade resistan and unless they are exposed to direct sunlight ro a continuous2basis youhshould experience very2little fading.<bft<bftWoolhhas the tbility to peovide a long lasting functional pext-coJthathexhibits outstanding beauty. There are a variety of pa terns<bfthand styles availtblehin wool rugs and these d/ys old l olm2craftsmatship isrbeinghcombinedpwithhnew l olm2technolrgieshto pext-ce outstanding resul s.<bft A wool rughwill peovide youhwith years of enjoymenthand2durtbility. </pt<bf/t<bf/t<img =rc="https://i.etsyst/3ic.com/15969961/r/il/70c4f2/2326910612/il_500x500.2326910612_ffj5.jpg" /t<bf/t<img =rc="https://i.etsyst/3ic.com/15969961/r/il/cd6e11/2374499405/il_500x500.2374499405_siob.jpg" /t<bf/t<img =rc="https://i.etsyst/3ic.com/15969961/r/il/04150b/2326910786/il_500x500.2326910786_lrs6.jpg" /t<bf/t<img =rc="https://i.etsyst/3ic.com/15969961/r/il/18b2c2/2326910832/il_500x500.2326910832_61m5.jpg" /t<bf/t<img =rc="https://i.etsyst/3ic.com/15969961/r/il/c9ae42/2326910858/il_500x500.2326910858_a7of.jpg" /t<bf/t<img =rc="https://i.etsyst/3ic.com/15969961/r/il/4a073a/2326910886/il_500x500.2326910886_5m1e.jpg" /t<bf/t<img =rc="https://i.etsyst/3ic.com/15969961/r/il/03a74d/2374499579/il_500x500.2374499579_bfj7.jpg" /t<bf/t<img =rc="https://i.etsyst/3ic.com/15969961/r/il/9dc6b2/2374499637/il_500x500.2374499637_rd6g.jpg" /t<bf/t<img =rc="https://i.etsyst/3ic.com/15969961/r/il/24b709/2374499669/il_500x500.2374499669_cn9g.jpg" /t<bf/t<img =rc="https://i.etsyst/3ic.com/15969961/r/il/7c69b0/2374499679/il_500x500.2374499679_483l.jpg" /t All of thhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhBath Ma3,Faded Low Pile Oriental Small VintagehDorrmat, Distressed Wool Welcome Mat,Boho EntrancehRug,Handcrafted Little GifthRug 3' 9'' x 2' 1'' 626 All of thhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhBath Ma3,Faded Low Pile Oriental Small VintagehDorrmat, Distressed Wool Welcome Mat,Boho EntrancehRug,Handcrafted Little GifthRug 3' 9'' x 2' 1'' 626

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